If I Knew Then, What I Know Now

I am a thirty three year old teen mother. Sixteen years ago, at the age of 17, I became pregnant with a child that would eventually dictate, run, and be the deciding factor of who I would become. Well, let’s be honest, still defining who I will be. Today, I feel the effects of how a teenage pregnancy, now glorified by reality TV, has truly impacted my life now as an adult. How did this happen?At seventeen I entered my junior year of high school with a plan, I would graduate early, midyear at seventeen and head off to Kent State University, where only a select few, yes I was one of them, would be omitted into the architectural program. My father had always wanted to be an architect, but a civil war and its effects took a toll on my grandparent’s lives leaving my father responsible to help contribute to the family of six at an early age, so off into the work force he went, but he never let me forget that was his dream.So as a young girl I had a talent for drafting, drawin g, and really enjoyed architecture as a focus in high school. My father couldn’t have been prouder. So as a Sophomore I made the decision to move on from high school as fast as I could and get into a really mature grown up life by graduating early, as a junior, and being accepted into a prestigious program with Kent State. My father was proud! I remember the day I had to tell my parents I was pregnant and at seventeen, I would still graduate early and possibly still go onto Kent for my program, but they knew different.I saw the disappointment in their eyes and their tone. My father although disappointed was there to help me how ever I saw fit. So at seventeen I graduated with honors in January, gave birth in March and instead of entering Kent State University in August, I got married to the father of my daughter. What a mistake. Five months later, devastated by deceit and lack of involvement I left my husband and moved back into my parent’s home. I decided I had to get back on track and I tried hard.The years that followed where lead by hard emotional court battles, disappointing relationships with boys that had no interest in being with a girl who was a mother of a then two or three year old, so I decided to ask my father for a job, if I couldn’t live out his dream as an architect then I maybe I could follow in his life time achievement with an auto company that had helped him develop a name and reputation for himself, in our time. He was thrilled I wanted to work for him and hired me immediately. One year into my employment with my father, I met my husband of 11 years, He did not seem to care of my past or how I got to where I was.He seemed only interested in how we could grow as a blended family into a whole family without judgment. So we Married shortly after meeting and have been married for eleven years. However that doesn’t mean there hasn’t been a price to pay. I’d like to say that it all works out in the end. I’d like to tell all those sixteen and seventeen year olds that it will all work out, but I would be a lie. After sixteen years of struggle and hardships I find myself alone again with my daughter trying to make it work.The action I took as a seventeen year old have an impact on my thirty four year old life. I am continue to struggle to define who I and more importantly who â€Å"we† are, my daughter and I. If I could look back and tell that sixteen year old one thing it would ne not to be in such a rush to grow up and to truly listen to what my parents have to say. But I realize I do that that opportunity now to tell her that, and so I do every opportunity I get. I tell my daughter to plan a life for her and love, family and children will come, without remorse.

Several Kinds of English that I Speak of

My family and I lived in several places and so as we move from one place to another, I have learned to speak several kinds of the English language as well.For instance, I am a little familiar with West Indian English, wherein one of the major characteristics of their grammar is the absence of â€Å"-s† if its state is singular and is in the present tense, and so sometimes instead of stating â€Å"Cleavon loves music†, I would only say, â€Å"Cleavon love music†Ã‚   (Oxford University Press, 2008, n.p.).In addition to that, another grammatical characteristic of the West Indian English is the elimination of the word that connects the subject and the predicate or what is technically referred to as the â€Å"copula† (Oxford University Press, 2008, n.p.). For example, â€Å"Cleavon extremely passionate†, instead of â€Å"Cleavon is extremely passionate† or â€Å"Cleavon my cousin† instead of â€Å"Cleavon is my cousin† (Oxford Univer sity Press, 2008, n.p.).Furthermore, when we moved to Canada and stayed there for about two years, I managed to acquire a little bit of Canadian English as well which is sometimes evident in the way I pronounce words, for example, my classmates would be confused even if I meant â€Å"caller† because what they heard from me was â€Å"collar† (Oxford University Press, 2008, n.p.). Similarly, if I say â€Å"caught†, they would misunderstand it since it sounded like â€Å"cot† (Oxford University Press, 2008, n.p.). I also got the nanny confused one time when I said, â€Å"May I please just have porridge for breakfast?† I forgot that in U.S. English, it is known as, â€Å"oatmeal† (Oxford University Press, 2008, n.p.).Last but not least, since we now moved back to the United States, my U.S. English is back as well (Oxford University Press, 2008, n.p.). Nowadays, I would jokingly say â€Å"My seatmate is such a nerd; she would spend three sleeple ss nights for our science project and would not even complain a bit† (Oxford University Press, 2008, n.p.). Nobody would be confused by my statement since this is the Standard English that they utilize also (Oxford University Press, 2008, n.p.).ReferenceOxford University Press. (2008). Types of World English.Retrieved April 7, 2008 fromhttp://www.askoxford.com/globalenglish/types/?view=uk

Similarities of Different Styles of Writing

Title: Similarities of Different Styles of Writing Similarities of Different Styles of Writing Most recently, I have read many different short stories and poems. The three works that stuck out to me the most are, â€Å"A Rose for Emily† written by William Faulkner, â€Å"Shall I Compare Thee to a Summer’s Day† written by William Shakespeare, and â€Å"The Cathedral† written by Raymond Carver. Although there are different writers and poets, we are able to find similarities in the text through interpretation. A Rose for Emily† and â€Å"The Cathedral† is told in third person. The third person point of view is when the narrator relates all information in third person. The short story will often use third person pronouns like â€Å"he† or â€Å"she. † The narrator in â€Å"The Cathedral† is consistently describing his wife and the blind man’s actions. Craver is also sure to provide great detail in the emotions that are supposed to be felt. Ignorance, for one, â€Å"My idea of blindness came from the movies. In the movies, the blind moved slowly and never laughed† (1977, Craver).A Rose for Emily† is told from the viewpoint of an unknown townsman. â€Å"When Miss Emily Grierson died, our whole town went to her funeral: the mean through a sort of respectful affection for a fallen monument, the woman mostly out of curiosity to see the inside of her house, which no save an old-manservant—a combined gardener and cook—had seen in at least ten years† (1929, Faulkner). Besides being told in third person, the main similarity that I recognize is how people react to others.The narrator in â€Å"The Cathedral† was fascinated, for lack of a better description, about a blind man named Robert; to the point where he was not looking forward to the Robert staying in his house. When I was reading this story it seemed as if the narrator did not even understand how his wife coul d be friends with someone who cannot see. When Miss Emily passed away the women in the town went to her funeral because they had not seen the inside of her house. It also seemed as if Miss Emily did not leave her house for many years.Miss Emily seemed to be one of those scary neighbors that we have seen in the movies, not too sound like the narrator in â€Å"The Cathedral†. Both of these short stories are familiar to life. When Faulkner writes about Miss Emily speaking to the City Hall about taxes, this rang true to me. I, myself, have had to discuss taxes with the city hall. When the narrator in â€Å"The Cathedral† made an off color comment to his wife about Robert this also rang true to me, â€Å"maybe I can take him bowling† (1977, Craver). Growing up with my brother, there was always an off colored comment.He is ten years older than me always tried to ruffle my feathers. It is sometimes easier to interpret short stories. There seems to be more of a preface and description. When it comes to poetry, I feel that interpretation is using your imagination or creative side. â€Å"Shall I Compare Thee to a Summer’s Day† is fourteen lines long but it says so much, as if it was a story about love. â€Å"But thy eternal summer shall not fade† or as I read it, my love will never die (1609, Shakespeare). To me, poetry is formed with non descriptive words that tell a story, mood, or feeling.The main difference between a short story and poem is the length of the reading or its format. â€Å"Shall I Compare Thee to a Summer’s Day† is written in sonnet style. Most poets use rhyme in set form. From my understanding this can be called a sonnet. Authors who are writing a short story do not think about making anything rhyme; however, I can still find similarities in a poem and short story. For example, â€Å"A Rose for Emily† talks about feeling. I felt one of the points being made in A Rose for Emily† was n ot to judge.I also interpreted that just because someone is different does not mean that they cannot find love. Miss Emily found love. Does the title of Faulkner’s short story â€Å"A Rose for Emily† mean this is a memoriam of Emily’s life? William Shakespeare is timeless writer. Not only did he write poetry but he is also a Play Right. Shakespeare wrote plays that I remember acting out as a child or reading in school, such as Romeo and Juliet and Hamlet. I personally feel that Shakespeare wrote a lot about love. Of course I am a sucker for love stories so I instantly gravitate to his work.Shakespeare, Carver, and Faulkner are all from different generations. Each writer has made a name for himself with words. These three men had a completely different up bringing; times differed morally as well. Similarities between these three gentlemen can also vary by person. I found that the two stories and poem had humanity in them. Everyone feels love, everyone is nosey, a nd unfortunately, everyone has stereotypes.References DiYanni, R. , 2007. Literature, Reading Fiction, Poetry, and Drama. McGraw-Hill, Higher Education, New York, New York.

Comparative Perspectives in Social Work Practice and Law Essay

Comparative Perspectives in Social Work Practice and Law - Essay Example According to Morgan (2011), globalization forces social workers to think globally as the service users become more diverse and as social work continue to be guided by international laws. Individualization of problems is also a global trend impacting on social work as communities shift the burden on individuals. Social care and social work is also influenced by political and structural forces that range freely across national borders as well as international social trends. UK and Germany are two different countries with different welfare provision regimes but as time passesby and due to globalization effect, there seems to be a convergence in social work practice between the two countries with Germany emulating most of the features of the UK welfare state (Clasen, 2011). The two states have different political economies and have different historical experiences which shape the welfare state. The UK welfare system is based on beveridgean ideologies while that of Germany was influenced by Bismarckian ideologies. The paper will critically discuss the impact of globalization on social work practice bases on comparative perspectives between UK and Germany which are two European countries. The UK has an institutional model of welfare characterised by social protection, service provision on basis of rights as well as guaranteed minimum standards and minimum income (Alcock, 2008). The welfare state began with provision of services to the poor in the society based on the Elizabethan poor law of 1601. This law set a compulsory poor rate, created overseers of relief and was aimed at punishing beggars. Those provided with relief resided in workhouses and individuals could only get relief from their parish of birth. This led to stigmatization of those who relied on relief for as Spicker (2012) puts it, they were marked with town’s mark. The poor law was criticized for encouraging laziness and undermining wages of independent workers. Elementary education was

People with learning disabilities Case Study Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

People with learning disabilities - Case Study Example This has led to an increased number of people with learning disability (LD) and aging-related health problems such as dementia, which has resulted in changes in social and service delivery needs. Service needs for this population are further increased because of continued deinstitutionalization of people with LD, resulting in increased community presence of people with high physical and mental morbidities. Certain subgroups of people with LD have specific increased age-related risks, such as those with Down syndrome, who have genetically based increased risk for dementia (Janicki et al., 1999). Others , such as, those with Cerebral Palsy have been noted to have a high risk of physical aging related deterioration, particularly relating to mobility (Strauss et. al., 2004), sometimes starting in young adulthood. (Jahnsen, 2004) The existing demographic pattern of increased longevity in people with LD points to a continued future increase in the proportion of older adults with LD, but does not adequately address the more significant changes in the prevalence of associated physical, mental and behavioral problems, as well as functional deficits in these cohorts, which will have an impact on their need for support. Even in currently older adults with LD there is a dearth of broad, linked data that would be helpful to planners, but more problematically, these cohorts may not be good models for the future extrapolation. Current older adults have lived vastly different lives than cohorts who will be the older adults of tomorrow, and these differences will very likely have a profound effect on all aspects of intellectual, emotional, medical and functional outcomes in late life. Extrapolating care requirements for older adults with LD from older adults without LD is not appropriate, as those with LD have had more restricted life experiences, with reduced functional independence and coping skills, generally have no adult children to assist in late life functioning. (Jenkins, 2005) Services for Older People with Learning Disabilities in UK In recent years some remarkable changes have been noticed not only in the lifestyle of people with LD but also in the services provided to them. Rehabilitation of a number of such people back into the society has resulted into the closure of several LD institutions and hospitals, whereas in past it is evident through studies the such treatment periods used to be unknown and at times ended up with the death of patients. Such a policy change is actually a result of a publication "An Ordinary Life" (King's Fund 1980). This publication motivated the masses about the merits of spending life at home within the community in comparison with an isolated hospital or nursing home. This viewpoint of f normalization was later embraced by most of the supporting bodies function with older people with LD and normal community life was considered as more helpful for the rehabilitation of such a group (Wolfensberger 1972). Dagnan et al. (1998)

Budgeting Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

Budgeting - Essay Example The intention of this study is a budget as a financial plan expressed in terms of money that helps budget holders achieve organizational goals and objectives in an appropriate manner. In construction industry, budget helps companies in the process of financial analysis. Through budgeting, management of the organizations can know the financial position of the organization. They can know what is actually going on in terms of capital use for business activities. Budgeting helps in providing the management with the information regarding available capital, current financial position, and future expenditures of the ongoing business activities. Through efficient budgeting, the organizations can save money and related expenditures regarding various business activities. Budgets help in cutting off the extra costs and make money available for use in other financial activities.Proper planning plays an important role in the success of a construction company. Budgeting plays a very important role in this regard. Planning is the second function of budgeting. After forecasting the financial position, a company decides its future activities, such as, investment decisions, loan decisions, and buying or selling decisions. Communication is another major function of budgeting. If an organization makes some sort of financial deal with another organization, budgeting is that technique which can resolve the issue related to use of capital between the two parties. Priorities can be set between the two organizations regarding the financial issues. An effective budget would help the organizations in communicating with each other for the purpose of discussing where the money should be spent and how much money should be spent. 2.4 Motivation Budgeting plays an important role in motivating staff of the company. After analyzing the financial position of the company, managers can develop such plans for the employees that are able to improve their efficiency and motivation. For example, if a company develops effective compensation plans, it can result in favor of the company because employees like to work for a company which values their performances and provides them with the compensation and rewards that they deserve. However, development of compensation plans is directly related on the available budget of a company. If a company will have enough budgets for developing and implementing such plans, only then compensation plans can be developed which will ultimately result in motivating employees and improving their individual and group performances. 2.5 Evaluation In construction industry, evaluation of financial and other business processes plays a very important role. Budget represents the target performance which managers measure with the actual

2012 Olympic's impact on Sports management in London Essay

2012 Olympic's impact on Sports management in London - Essay Example Hence, Tennis Wimbledon Tournament or Football League Championship is mega-event known all over the world, which attracts millions of viewers. Also today there is no grown-up person who is not aware what the word â€Å"Olympics† means and who has not watched the greatest international complex sport competitions on television at least once. It is well-known that the famous symbol of Olympics, five colorful rings, can be identified by more than ninety per cent of planet’s population. This exceeds the recognition of such extremely popularized brands as Nike, Coca-Cola and McDonalds (Vigor, Mean, Tims 2004, pp. 4). Even in a far antiquity Olympic Games were the main sport event of all the times and nations. During the period of Olympics peace and consent were proclaimed on the Earth. The wars stopped and all dignified athletes competed in a fair fight for the top ranking. Olympic movement managed to overcome a lot of impediments, among which were: interruptions by World War s, attacks of terrorists, including bombing, kidnapping of sportsmen, murders, boycotts, and various diplomatic incidents. However, the Great Games have survived and currently take place every forth year, with interchange of summer and winter games with a difference of two years. Nowadays Olympics are spread on a large scale, being equipped with the latest techniques and recorded by numerous computers and cameras for defining the final results of the sportsmen with a high accuracy. Lately the cities that organize Olympics become the capitals of the world for the period of games holding. The place of the consecutive Games is announced beforehand for giving at least seven years to the country to get itself ready. Hence, London has been officially chosen for the Olympics 2012 on the sixth of July 2005, leaving behind such serious rivals as Paris, Moscow, New-York and

Assessment for Managerial Accounting Term Paper

Assessment for Managerial Accounting - Term Paper Example Due to this particular fact, the prices of the material as a percentage of sales have decreased. Keeping the reorganization into consideration, the sales revenue will increase due to the increase in the production. In the first phase of the cycle, all the committed costs are incurred. Committed or locked in costs are those cost that have not been incurred currently, but they will be incurred in the future based on the decisions that have already been taken in relation to the product. The examples of cost incurred in the first phase of the product life cycle designing are cost product’s material and labor input and the production process. These costs are very difficult to alter once they have been committed to. In the second phase of the product life cycle costing, cost incurred is included. Costs are incurred when a resource is used or sacrificed. In the second phase of the cycle, only such costs are recorded that have been incurred. An analysis of the life cycle costing system would present the fact that 80% of the cost of any product is committed into in the first phase of the cycle, whereas the second phase of the cycle present such cost which have been incurred. Majority of these costs are the same which were already committed in the first phase of the project. In the life cycle costing cost can be effectively managed in the first phase of the cycle in which the planning of the product design and planning takes place. In the third phase of the product life cycle, the post sales service cost are estimated such as warranty costs, installation charges and the cost for discontinuing the operations at the end of the economic life cycle of the product. In the traditional product costing system, the management accounting systems are focused primarily on the manufacturing stage of a product’s life cycle. The cost which have been incurred before manufacturing, such as the research and

Nursing - patient with copd and vascular dementia scenario Essay

Nursing - patient with copd and vascular dementia scenario - Essay Example Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary disease (COPD) COPD generally refers to a condition wherein the airways are destroyed, narrowing the airways and eventually obstructing the air flow, impairing gas exchange. This condition is a combination of chronic bronchitis, emphysema and asthma. It is an irreversible, incurable, progressive but a preventable condition (Black & Hawks, 2005; British Lung Foundation, 2007). It is estimated that 3.7 million people in the United Kingdom are suffering form COPD, while only 900,000 are currently diagnosed, leaving the remaining 2.8 million unaware of their disease (British Lung Foundation, 2007), while 25 million in the United States (National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute, 2009). Among those who are greater than or equal to 65 years old, the occurrence is estimated to be 34 out of 1000 (Torres & Moayedi, 2007). These values tend to increase over time due to increased tobacco consumption worldwide. COPD ranks from fourth to sixth as the leading cause of sickness and death worldwide (Mathers & Loncar, 2006; Viegi et al, 2007). According to Berry and Wise (2010), mortality can be predicted by the values of forced expiratory volume in one second, ratio of inspiratory and total lung capacities, and the BODE index (body mass index, obstruction, dyspnea and exercise capacity). Despite the severity of this condition, it is frequently under-diagnosed and under-treated (Viegi et al, 2007). Almost all cases of COPD developed symptoms, more than half manifests productive cough and half of the cases passed the Global Initiative for Chronic Obstructive Lung Disease criteria for emphysema (Lundback et al, 2003). Age, gender, race, smoking history, blood type, alpha1-antitrypsin variation, socioeconomic status, occupation, pollution exposure and infections are the known risk factors for developing COPD (Cohen et al, 1977). Race is also a factor in developing COPD, wherein whites has an odds ratio of 3.1 in dying from this condition (Meyer et al, 2002) though African Americans appear to be more susceptible to the effects of COPD than whites (Chatila et al, 2004). Among those risk factors, smoking is the most prominent cause of COPD. According to the World Health Organization (WHO), 40% to 74% who die from COPD are smokers (Mannino & Buist, 2007). Meyer et al (2002) reveals more than 80% of deaths from those who experienced smoking before and during COPD morbidity, while the odds ratio of those who currently smokes versus those who stopped smoking are 6.5 and 3.7 respectively. Aside from irritants from smoking, occupational-related vapours, gas, dust and fumes exposure is also a risk in developing COPD (Blanc et al, 2009). The numerous irritants, either from cigarette smoke or from environmental pollution, stimulate inflammatory response along the bronchi and the alveoli. The COPD-related effects of this response are increased mucus production and the release of protease and elastase, enzymes that can damage the lung’ s connective tissues. Without adequate alpha1-antitrypsin to counteract the effects of these enzymes, tissue destruction will be progressive. This destruction collapses the alveoli, allowing air pockets to form between the alveolar spaces. The elasticity of the alveolar walls is also altered, making expiration more difficult. These air pockets increase the lung area that cannot facilitate gas and blood exchange, thus this is where the manifestations of emphysema set in. As the gas

In Piazza San Domenico by Steve Galluccio Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

In Piazza San Domenico by Steve Galluccio - Essay Example The play is celebrated as a romantic comedy inspired by 'Feydeau, Goldoni and Sophia Loren,' and "it bears the mark of all three, with a dash of trademark Galluccio smut thrown in just to remind us that it's a modern-day spoof of the past." (Donnelly) Therefore, the play In Piazza San Domenico by Steve Galluccio attracts large number of audience, including me, and the play deviates from the ordinary plays within the world of theatre through the presentation of the days passed by with a satirical note. One of the most cheery and thoroughly entertaining comedies of love, lust and misunderstandings, In Piazza San Domenico was set in a burning hot August in Naples in 1952 and the main plot of the play centers on a series of misunderstandings which lead young Carmelina Benevento to believe that her fianc Guido is cheating on her with the town tramp Mafalda. When Carmelina unexpectedly faints upon hearing some bad news about Guido, there is a series of striking findings between people which provoke gossip and the series of misunderstandings run through the plot of the play.

Product Assessment Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words - 4

Product Assessment - Essay Example The table on the right shows that about 85% of the total population in the United States uses mobile phones. The age group which owns a mobile phone ranges from 18-29 years old while the age group with the least percentage of mobile phone ownership is the 65+ age group which stands at only 58%. The mobile phones have lost the popularity in the recent years and statistics reveal that it is likely that the product will continue to decline given the emergence and the sudden rise in the popularity of smartphones. It is estimated that in the year 2012, almost half of all the mobile phone users will have switched to the smartphones and this will mean that with time, mobile phone ownership and usage will decrease before it becomes more or less a non-existent product eventually. (Stewart) Companies such as Apple, Samsung and HTC have witnessed huge rises in their sales in the recent years and their popularity has gone sky high thanks to the introduction of newer versions of smartphones which offer an incredible amount of functions and opportunities to explore. This gives the mobile phone manufacturers and marketers enough to worry about with the US census supporting the view that people may actually shift from mobile phones to smartphones in the near future. The table above shows the methods used by the American households to use the internet. The usage of internet in the United States is very high and is now considered as one of the basic necessities of the public. The table shows the data from a US census in the year 2010 and it shows that about 9.1% of the households now use mobiles for internet usage. The internet accessibility in mobile phones is very limited and people have started to shift to smartphones due to the fact that these smartphones offer a wide range of internet options and much better accessibility and surfing options. Also the competition among the top 4 smartphone

Supermarket and International Segment Essay Example for Free

Supermarket and International Segment Essay Wal-Mart in Brazil is one of the third-largest retailer companies in the world’s fifth-largest country. Wal-Mart Brazil has more than 485 supermarkets, three and Sam’s hypermarkets in different Brazilian states, including Sao Paulo, one of the busiest state in Brazil. Wal-Mart Brazil ranks as the third-largest retailer in the worlds fifth-largest country. Since entering the market in 1995 with just two supercenters and three SAMS CLUB warehouse stores, Wal-Mart Brazil has grown, mainly by acquisition, to number about 485 supermarkets and hypermarkets in more than 15 Brazilian states, including the populous economic center of Sao Paul. Wal-Mart primary product lines are Food, Clothing, Household Appliances, Electronics and Grocery Pets Etc . While brand name merchandise accounts for a majority of sales, numerous store brands not found in the United States have been developed to serve customers in the different markets in which the International segment operates. In addition, steps have been taken to develop relationships with local suppliers in each country to ensure reliable sources of quality merchandise. It operates retail stores in various formats around the world and is committed to saving people money so they can live better. We earn the trust of our customers every day by providing a broad assortment of quality merchandise and services at every day low prices while fostering a culture that rewards and embraces mutual respect, integrity and diversity. The merchandising strategy for the International segment is similar to that of our operations in the United States in terms of the breadth and scope of merchandise offered for sale. While brand name merchandise accounts for a majority of sales, numerous store brands not found in the United States have been developed to serve customers in the different markets in which the International segment operates. In addition, steps have been taken to develop relationships with local suppliers in each country to ensure reliable sources of quality merchandise The International segment competes with a variety of local, national and international chains in the supermarket, discount, department, drug, variety and specialty stores, supercenter-type stores, hypermarts, wholesale clubs, internet-based retailers and catalog businesses in each of the countries in which we operate and, in Mexico, with local, national and international restaurant chains. Our ability to offer our customers low prices on quality merchandise that offers exceptional value in the International segment determines, to a large extent, our competitive position. In our international units, our ability to operate the food departments effectively has a major impact on the segment’s competitive position in the markets where we operate. The main competitor for Wal-Mart in Brazil is Carrefour, a famous French supermarket chain, which entered the Brazilian market in 1974. Today, the chain is responsible for the operation of 39 stores spread over the country, and is fully adapted to Brazilian culture and consumption habits, therefore not being perceived by customers as a foreign company. As a matter of fact, Carrefour is known as the lowest price retailer by people of all social classes. Customers impressed by low prices and extensive product lines, besides special offers, who had to travel several miles to reach the stores, were in for a surprise. In case the products that customers were looking for had been sold out a few moments earlier, there was no provision as to when a new stock would arrive in the store. A badly planned product turnover? The fact is that they were facing an average stockout rate of 40%, while its stockout rate in the U. S. stores is no higher than 5%. Maybe this stockout rate has occurred due to various problems with suppliers, whom Wal-Mart executives expected to be capable of working in a just-in-time delivery environment.

Describing Different Types Of Environment Environmental Sciences Essay

Describing Different Types Of Environment Environmental Sciences Essay In our surround there is living and nonliving things which are together form life. Hydrosphere, atmosphere, and geosphere are the component of the environment that surrounds us. Hydrosphere, the wet environment that consists of water, covers most of earth surface. Sea, rivers, lakes and under surface water are all aquatic environment. Land or what is called geosphere composed of deserts, mountains, hills and level lands. Atmosphere is around the earth and consists of gases such as hydrogen, oxygen, nitrogen †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦etc. The interaction of all these make up a liveable surround with unique properties that correlates organisms. Not all environments suitable to us. Deserts even cold or hot ones do not correlate individuals. However some organisms live in these environments because they have special adaptation to their environment. To us, we the humans, prefer to live in cities where comfortable civilization life. However others dont prefer that because of the crowed, noise, and pollution that emerge from humans activities. They used to live in villages where more green lands, natural landscapes, and more quiet than cities. To divide environments sorts we can mention 3 kinds of environments Natural, industrial, and social environment. Natural environment: Include water, light, land, air and all organisms that live in nature. Industrial environment: Include cities, villages, factories and all humans synthesis. Social environment: Include authorities, universities, schools, companies and other establishments along with their output legal and their communication ways. The future of the environment is in danger! Human made environment standard for the acquisition of the bulk of the land and it is natural resources and resources of crude, instead of improving the earth and know how to utilization it they attrition the land resources and depreciation capacity o rehabilitate themselves and make up for lost natural environment cannot in any way to adapt to the devastation caused by human, and cannot mechanisms of years of natural cope with waste and depletion of resources and polluting it is vital. The effects of the present inequity in appearance and shone on the horizon the alarm uncle everywhere in the world, and suffered all either from a decline in production and the abundance of food, as a result of the growing stunning in population, water shortages and pollution of water sources, or from air pollution and climate change due to development industrial and energy use, without concern, which has increased the proportion of harmful and toxic gases in the atmosphere such as oxides of sulfur and nitrogen, high temperature of the earth, which are threatened with drowning if the melted ice of the Arctic. And the body of this in the spread of poverty, famine, unemployment, disease, degradation of natural resources of the planet. Here exploded question filled the world, north and south, about the capacity of the land and the environment on probability, and the continuing rights in the ignore for its self-destruction for himself and his children and grandchildren and to the earth. What the differences between the new environment and old environment ? (environment in the past and nowadays ) There is a lot of (are many differences) differences between the new environment and the old one. First of all, the old environment could be very difficult and simple (in the past the life was simple, but it had a difficult way to live) . For example, how people was lived in that environment! They lived in the tents and they have not any electronic machines, like a computers, televisions, telephones, dish washers and washing machines. They lived in a simple life without any problems about food or clean clothes. (For example they can cook by fire). Also they can clean their clothes by their hands. In the past, there is no cars they move by animals, like camels or horses. Its hard to get anything by yourself, people should help each other. On the other hand, the new environment thats where we live now, its more easily and comfortable. Now a days after they discover the oil, people have a lot of electronic machines and can benefit them in many ways. For instance, the computer can help everybody to finish their works or research for a lot of things, like news or weather. Generally, people was very happy in this life. Which is making their life more easier and faster. Finally, I cant say that people who live currently in this time are better than the others. In this life every time is different from another. Maybe people in the future will be better than us. Øلؠ¹Ãƒâ„¢Ã¢â‚¬Å¡Ãƒâ„¢Ã¢â‚¬Å¾ ÙˆØلؠªÃƒâ„¢Ã‚ Ãƒâ„¢Ã†â€™Ãƒâ„¢Ã…  ÃƒËœÃ‚ ± ÙˆØلقØ ¯ÃƒËœÃ‚ ±ÃƒËœÃ‚ © Ø ¹Ãƒâ„¢Ã¢â‚¬Å¾Ãƒâ„¢Ã¢â‚¬ ° ØلؠªÃƒËœÃ‚ ¹ÃƒËœÃ‚ ¨Ãƒâ„¢Ã…  ÃƒËœÃ‚ ± Reasons of Environmental pollution Day by day, we are looking at pollution, but we cannot solve this problem. Many people do not keep the environment healthy, because they do not have any responsibility about our environment; so many pollutions residues leave unhealthy life and spread out diseases. In this essay, I will show you some examples of pollution. First of all, there are many people throw plastics in parks, streets, water, etc. While, plastic is the most dangerous material from other pollution. For instance, the disadvantage for plastic cannot be Disintegrates until millions years. Then it will be lagging material under the land, so the water cannot pass inside the land (abdominal water). Unfortunately most of markets or shops use plastics for baskets or use like bags for customers and do not care for Recyclable, so they throw it in every ware. For example, Ajman supermarket and some other markets contribute the plastics bags like a gift, so they help to damage the environment without knowing. In addition, all of us have to protect our environment honestly and think how to solve plastics problems to live in beautiful earth. Furthermore, the water pollution are also keep contaminant environment such as when people throw the rubbish inside waters then all sea animals will die, for they will eat some dangerous chemical material. Next, some countries prefer to build chalet or Industrial Islands near the sea, it is wonderful and nice landscape, while it is affect for waters into bad environment. In fact, all sea animals need to quietly place and clean water, so when we use some chemical material or put sands to build island, its help all animals to immigrate to another quiet and clean place, or kill them before immigration. Moreover, sometimes the petrol will leakage from steamship into the oceans, and it will make lagging layer above the water then the oxygen will never receive under the water, so all sea animals will asphyxiates and will die. Finally, if we are ignore the water to clean it and keep it healthy, all sea animals will be endangered, so we have to keep our water environment healthy to feel comf ortable. Meanwhile, the land pollution is one of dangerous pollutions in our life. Firstly, the most pollution resource in the world is human, because they can control the earth in every ways either is healthy earth or dirt environment. Secondly, when we buried all rubbish under the earth, it will invent new dangerous diseases for people in every run. However, if we burned the rubbish or use the explosives in war, it will affect for the air and it is possible to pierces the ozone layer, so it will make the air pollutions. To summarize, all detonations and rubbish make bad healthy, so you have to cede these dangerous material. In conclusion, we have to find the solutions for these pollutions to be wonderful environment. The relation among organisms: The study of the environment related on studying the relation between its elements and how do they affect each other, so the environment creates a surrounding where the life exists and mutual bonds appear in a very unique form. The relation between organisms is the most important relation that occurs in any type of environment. Furthermore, this relation consists of combined processes that start with specific element and end up with another element. For example, the food chain among organisms starts with self feeding organisms such as plants then herbivores, organisms that eat plants, and finally it end up with carnivores, organisms that eat the herbivores. This complex relation happen by nature, so it is innate that why I always call this relation the battle of existence. Another type of relation that takes place in the environment is the relation between the organisms and the environmental components. For instance, the environment that suffers from food shortage, dehydration and oxygen depletion has no life. As a result, the surrounding that encompasses all the biological factors, such as water, air and food, is very important for survival. Human did create a special relation with the environment since the Stone Age. For example, people utilize the environmental resources to create their own lifestyle. The use of the animals skins to make a fashionable clothes and the use of plants wood, mountains stones to build their own houses with a beautiful designs. All these represent the vital bond between human and the environment. Environment is a commonly used word that is related to the living beings components and other components and how they interact together, in order to exist. It regulates the relationship between these lifes components. Human being is one important component of the environment it is related to the other parts of the environment in how he or she adapts to live within the different environmental conditions for example climate, water, food in addition to the society. As a result, to talk about environment, it can be summarized in the middle that the living beings live in and how they interact in this middle and together. As the previous mentioned, and with regard to human being effect on environment as one component of the environment, he or she plays a very important role in develop, create, rebuild and remake the natural environmental resources such as agriculture, manufacturing and so on, The natural environment or the basic one is a complete system in other word for example the color of the sea water is a reflection of the sky color another example is the volume of oxygen in a place is related to the volume of plants and woods in this place. These instances describe the beauty of our mother the environment. The differentiation in earths environment creates different types of divisions. For example, water environment has its own world. From the living beings those live in passing by its climate areas which affect in the type of the living beings that exist there reaching to the effect of this environment on other types of environments. The same example can be put in land environment and air spheres one. Solutions for pollution: 1* we can use the solar energy instead of energy generated because a solar energy is free from pollution and it can save the environment from it. 2*we must to reduce from forest fires it can help us to keep our environment from pollution. 3*we should to build the factories out of city and away from people. 4*It`s not allowed to throw the waste in the sea specially the waste oil it`s very bad and harmful for view of the sea. 5*good way to reduce from pollution is to grow a lot of trees in the city .They can get fresh air and moves us away from pollution. 6*put filters in our cars to reduce from pollution. 7*we should also to reduce from use the plastic it`s very bad and it can make pollution in environment.

Literature review of the puritan dilemma

Literature review of the puritan dilemma This assignment is based on the review of the books The Puritan Dilemma: The Story of John Winthrop Authored by Morgan, Edmund and America: A Concise History, Volume 1: To 1877 Authored by James A. Henretta and David Brody. Chapter 6 According to the Puritans, what was governments role in society? The Puritans believed that the church and government should work together to promote holiness and help people to succeed both materially and spiritually. A government official had to be apart of the church. Government was viewed as a proper agency for carrying out the churchs goals, even on family worship. Who were the Separatists? Where, in America, did they first settle? Did Winthrop agree with them? Why/why not? The separates were the puritans who did not recognize the established church and others doubted that the England church was scriptural or its administrations was valid. In America, they settled in Massachusetts Bay. Winthrop did not agree with the separatists because their viewpoints were not in line with puritans believe that evil was everywhere. In addition, the separatists also threatened the relation with England. What, to Winthrop was the most compelling reason to leave England for America? Winthrop made the decision to move his family Ton America to escape religious prosecutions. The charter for the Massachusetts Bay Colony company did not specify a place for the member of the company (the owners/stockholders) to meet? Why was this important? The charter for the Massachusetts Bay Colony company did not specify a place for the member of the company (the owners/stockholders) to meet? Why was this important? It was important to keep it secrete from the board of governors in England. Did the colony prove to be a good business investment They were as the company becomes successful as the company becomes the only successful company that was not under influence of board of governors in England. Also they engaged in business What was Winthrops attitude towards the Indians? Winthrop first perceived Indians to be a Godsend but latter changed his tune after they killed many whites. What was the role of immigration in the colonys survival? The role of their migration to the colony survival was void the coming war with France, gain wealth, escape the jurisdiction of the Virginia company, as well as practice their purified Protestantism. What were the differences between Presbyterians and Congregationalists? The difference between Presbyterianism and congregationalism is not all about elders rule, but whether the region of congregations need be ruled by a single bishop or just a congregation of presbyters. In other words, Presbyterianism means rule by Presbytery. Chapter 7 How did the definition of freemen of the colony change? Why was this important? To be a freeman was like to be given the power of making decisions for your own. Minors for instance were not legally supposed to make any decision. Freemen were supposed to attend meetings in Plymouth town, but the court voted to give room for freemen to assemble in individual towns, as they were to select deputies who were to attend court sessions in Plymouth. In addition, the freemen were to meet in Plymouth for the selection of governor and the assistant, but the court voted to give room for proxy voting hence done away with colony wide meetings of all freemen. This was much important as it allowed formal representative assembly holding. What was the relationship between (Puritan) church membership and voting rights? Were voting rights in the colony more restrictive than in England, or less restrictive? Why? The relationship between church membership and voting rights was that, only freemen were allowed to vote. For the qualification one had to show visible means of support and the necessary level of being responsible. The population was strongly puritans and the small group leaders dominated its governance. These people were strongly influenced by puritan religion elders. Though the governors were elected, such like elections were limited to freemen, who had been examined for religious opinions. As a result, the colonial leadership faced intolerance to other religious group. The voting rights became more restrictive as the colony grew wider and more diversified. There was a time where property needs excluded around 25% of the adult gents from voting. However the franchise remained still relatively open. The governmental systems of Plymouth also modified as the colony grew. Was the colony a theocracy? Why/why not? The government of the colony was just a mixture of both theocratic as well as democratic. The Massachusetts bay colony was partly theocratic. This is because, it was believed by puritans that they had a convent with God for them to build a community that will act as a model to all other nations to copy from them. This is theocratic as everybody believed in it and worshiped a God who was to help them come up with such like a nation. In addition, the colonys franchise was extended to all adult males who were part and parcel of the puritan congregation, as they never took into consideration, the views of other churches or non- religious people, both the Catholics and Jews were all hanged in Boston. Also, the church influenced. This shows theoretic idea behind such like government, and how the church and God affected most decisions of the colony and provided background that established their governance. The Puritan Dilemma by Edmund Morgan 8. Did Winthrop do to stabilize the colonys economy? To stabilize the colonys economy Winthrop practiced moderation which served to bring the colony successfully through the years that separatism posed threats to its mission and survival. 9. What does Morgan say about the prudishness/drabness of the Puritans? Morgan says that despite the puritans having to devote most of their lives to god, they would eventually sin and falls short of his glory. He also says that despite the relentless effort by a puritan to refrain from sin he could end up sinning anyway. These show prudish puritans were. 10. How did the idea of a covenant with God affect Puritan thinking? How did this lead to the Puritan idea of the city on a hill? The puritan thinking was affected by the covenant with god such that he always has to put god as priority in their lives despite having pleasures of the earth god must always remain the main focus in a puritan life. This thinking made puritans to devote much part of their lives in finding a balance between life and god. The puritan idea of the city on the hill is derived from the belief that in order to win the belief of others one must try to do good in a world of wrong doing and that one must moderate in actions he does so that he comes close to god by being a shining star on a dark earth. 11. Why was Separatism problematic for the colony, in Winthrops eyes? In Winthrops eyes separatism was seen as problematic for the colony because they were humble, living and respectful people but at same time they were defiant with a holy intransigence. Chapter 8: What was the issue in which the people first expressed displeasure in Winthrops government The issue in which people first expressed displeasure with Winthrops government is his in ability to think critically about issues, instead he tend to take positions intuitively and justify it by arguing in the Lawyerly attitude of I told u so. In Chapter 8, what does Morgan describe as Winthrops greatest weakness? In chapter eight the Morgan shows that Winthrops greatest mistake is what he describes as his inability to be severe enough in enforcing the laws of the state as he tends to take weeks before banishing those guilty of crimes in the society. How would you describe the theology of Roger Williams? What was his view of the relationship between church and state? No puritan was not allowed to vote unless he as a member of the church hence Roger Williams can be described to counter the dependency of the state on church in which he beliefs that they did wrong when they didnt tolerate the views of the indigenous people but instead robbed them their land and started using church and state to reproof them. 4. How did Ann Hutchinson get into trouble in the colony? Why did her beliefs seem dangerous to Winthrop and others? Anne Hutchinson got in trouble with the colony when she boldly begun preaching the doctrine of antinomianism which declares that a man is saved divine grace a lone and not by the help of his good works. Thus; no matter how one lives wickedly his salvation doesnt not depend on it. Her belief seemed dangerous to Winthrop and others as they belief inn judgment through doing well hence countered their root of faith. 5. Where did Hutchinson go after her trial? After her trial Anne Hutchinson went to Rhodes islands and letter to Netherlands where she got killed in one of the attacks on the Dutch settlements by the Indians. 6. What document was drafted by Nathaniel Ward of Ipswich, Massachusetts? Why was it important? Nathaniel ward drafted the body of liberties which his model became preferred and then complied to form the criminals provisions of the body of liberties. He codified the Massachusetts in 1941. 7. What was the Puritan dilemma? The dilemma of the puritans was the problem of doing right in a world that does wrong or equally same the being in the world but not of it, this dilemma challenged all every puritan throughout their lives.

Decline of Christiany in Europe Essay -- Religion

Introduction The decline of Christianity in Europe did not happen spontaneously. It was a process which took place over many years. Further, it would be impossible to identify any one trigger for the decline. Numerous factors have combined to erode Christianity in Europe. Changing political parties, with varying tolerance towards Christianity, have been a major factor in the decline. In addition, new ideas about the ability and goodness of man to create a good society, without the need for God, served to undermine Christianity. Finally, the failure of the church to respond firmly to the crises of the modern world significantly accelerated its decline. While many of these factors have roots going back as far as the seventeenth century, many came to a head in the twentieth century. Political Parties In the nineteen hundreds, many European countries were being swept by changing political tides. This era saw the rise of socialism for many European countries. Some of these new governments discriminated against Christianity. Education and even some professions were closed to Christians. Some countries were harsher in their anti-Christian policies, and others merely neglected the church.1 The church was in a dangerous position; it was expected to comment on the political situation of Europe, but in grave danger if it did so.2 Furthermore, Christianity was generally seen as contrary to the ideology of these governments. At worse, Christianity was seen as a threat to Marxist ideals. At best, it was seen as silly superstition, an unnecessary crutch.3 While some Marxists respected Christianity and perhaps even learned from it, many felt that religion was primarily a tool of oppression which should be banished in the name of so... ...and Biography, July 18, 2003. http://www.christianitytoday.com/ch/news/2003/jul18.html?start=2 (accessed February 1, 2012). Hindson, Ed, and Ergun Craner, eds. The Popular Encyclopedia of Apologetics. Eugene, OR.: Harvest House Publishers, 2008. Kannampilly, Vijaykumar. "Marxism and Christianity." Social Scientist 3, no. 3 (October, 1974): 57-63. http://www.jstor.org/stable/3516372 (accessed February 1, 2012). Pauck, Wilhelm. "National Socialism and Christianity: Can They Be Reconciled?" The Journal of Religion 20, no. 1 (January, 1940): 15-32. http://www.jstor.org/stable/1198646 (accessed February 1, 2012). Tolson, Jay. "European, Not Christian." U.S. News and World Report 138, no. 20 (May 30, 2005): 52-53. http://search.ebscohost.com.ezproxy.liberty.edu:2048/login.aspx?direct=true&db=mth&AN=17115426&site=ehost-live&scope=site (accessed February 1, 2012).

Holocaust in Germany, Japan, and China :: essays papers

Holocaust in Germany, Japan, and China Eleven million precious lives were lost during the Holocaust of World War II. Six million of these were Polish citizens. Half of these Polish citizens were non-Jews. On August 22, 1939, a few days before the official start of World War II, Hitler authorized his commanders, with these infamous words, to kill "without pity or mercy, all men, women, and children of Polish descent or language. Only in this way can we obtain the living space [lebensraum] we need". Heinrich Himmler echoed Hitler's decree: "All Poles will disappear from the world.... It is essential that the great German people should consider it as its major task to destroy all Poles." When someone mentions the word holocaust, most often people will relate that word with the Germans and Jews during World War II. When Japan is mentioned, the first things that come to mind are the atomic bombs dropped on Hiroshima and Nagasaki. The Nanjing Massacre is known as the forgotten holocaust and very oddly, it truly has been forgotten. In this forgotten holocaust, three hundred thousand people were brutally murdered and 20,000 women were raped in the city of Nanjing, during the years of 1937-1938 (Yao). The Chinese Nationalist Government moved the capital of China from Peking to Nanjing in 1928. Nanking's population in the mid 1930s was well over one million, mainly because many refugees were fleeing from the Japanese army that had invaded China in 1931. Japan had entered China and other parts of Asia before World War II began, and didn't stop until the U. S. dropped the atomic bombs on Japanese soil in early 1945. It is said that the Japanese military machine was motivated by the aggression and uncontrollable desire for expansion and imperialism. On December 9, 1937, Chinese troops endered in the city of Nanjing, followed by a massive Japanese attack on the city (Yao). For the next six weeks, this capital was filled with brutal, unhuman, and terribly violent acts now known as the Nanjing Massacre. The Japanese committed venomous acts against innocent civilians, Chinese soldiers, refugees, and many others. The crimes ranged from mass execution to burning, raping, and looting. On December 13, many of the refugees tried to flee for their lives by crossing the Yangtze River. When they arrived at the river there was no type of transportation for them to cross. The Japanese arrived and when many of them tried to swim the river, the Japanese started to fire at the people in the river and along the banks of the shore. When it was all over, one Japanese Holocaust in Germany, Japan, and China :: essays papers Holocaust in Germany, Japan, and China Eleven million precious lives were lost during the Holocaust of World War II. Six million of these were Polish citizens. Half of these Polish citizens were non-Jews. On August 22, 1939, a few days before the official start of World War II, Hitler authorized his commanders, with these infamous words, to kill "without pity or mercy, all men, women, and children of Polish descent or language. Only in this way can we obtain the living space [lebensraum] we need". Heinrich Himmler echoed Hitler's decree: "All Poles will disappear from the world.... It is essential that the great German people should consider it as its major task to destroy all Poles." When someone mentions the word holocaust, most often people will relate that word with the Germans and Jews during World War II. When Japan is mentioned, the first things that come to mind are the atomic bombs dropped on Hiroshima and Nagasaki. The Nanjing Massacre is known as the forgotten holocaust and very oddly, it truly has been forgotten. In this forgotten holocaust, three hundred thousand people were brutally murdered and 20,000 women were raped in the city of Nanjing, during the years of 1937-1938 (Yao). The Chinese Nationalist Government moved the capital of China from Peking to Nanjing in 1928. Nanking's population in the mid 1930s was well over one million, mainly because many refugees were fleeing from the Japanese army that had invaded China in 1931. Japan had entered China and other parts of Asia before World War II began, and didn't stop until the U. S. dropped the atomic bombs on Japanese soil in early 1945. It is said that the Japanese military machine was motivated by the aggression and uncontrollable desire for expansion and imperialism. On December 9, 1937, Chinese troops endered in the city of Nanjing, followed by a massive Japanese attack on the city (Yao). For the next six weeks, this capital was filled with brutal, unhuman, and terribly violent acts now known as the Nanjing Massacre. The Japanese committed venomous acts against innocent civilians, Chinese soldiers, refugees, and many others. The crimes ranged from mass execution to burning, raping, and looting. On December 13, many of the refugees tried to flee for their lives by crossing the Yangtze River. When they arrived at the river there was no type of transportation for them to cross. The Japanese arrived and when many of them tried to swim the river, the Japanese started to fire at the people in the river and along the banks of the shore. When it was all over, one Japanese

Paul Strand :: essays research papers

Key Figures 1.  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  1936 Strand joined with Berenice Abbot to establish the Photo League in New York 2.  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Strand was the first photographer to acheive a really decisive break with pictorialism and apply some of the lessons of the new modern art to photography. 3.  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Paul Strand was born in New York and attended the Ethical Culture School where his teacher was Lewis Hine. 4.  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Strands later work moved toward a documentary approach, attempting to encapsulate a feeling a place and its people in a body of work, published in book form. The most successful of these dealth with rural communities such as the Hebridean Islands or a village in the Italian South. 5.  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Strands work was published in the last two issues of Camera Work and the pictures marked a turning point for photography. Laslo Moholy-Nagy 1.  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Teacher at the Bauhaus School in Germany. 2.  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Establishes the New Bauhaus at the Chicago Institute of Design. 3.  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Used straight photography and photomontage. 4.  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Disorienting Images. 5.  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Experimented with stage design and photography. Man Ray 1.  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Surrealist 2.  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Made dreamlike images 3.  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  His revolutionary nude studies, fashion work, and portraits opened a new chapter in the history of photography. 4.  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  he was enthusiastically welcomed into Dadaist and Surrealist circles 5.  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Man Ray experimented tirelessly with new photographic techniques, multiple exposure, rayography, and solarization being some of his most famous. John Heartfield 1.  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Original name Helmut Herzfeld 2.  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  German Dadaist. 3.  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Pushed the idea of using massprinted source material by inventing the photomontage. 4.  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  practice social criticism 5.  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Wasn’t allowed to express himself in Germany during Hitler’s time. Aleksandr Rodchenko 1.  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Aimed to make the familiar strange. 2.  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Wanted to challenge or provoke the viewer. 3.  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Valued technology 4.  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Style : close ups, unusual vantage points, tilted his camera. 5.  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Was born in Russia. Edward Weston 1.  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Photographing natural landscapes and forms such as peppers, shells, and rocks, using large-format cameras and available light 2.  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  produced sensuously precise images raised to the level of poetry. 3.  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  He became successful working in a soft-focus, Pictorial style, winning many salon and professional awards. 4.  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  By 1920 he was experimenting with semi-abstractions in a hard-edged style. 5.  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  own portrait studio between 1911 and 1922 in Tropico, California. Eugene Atget 1.  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  first of photography's social documenters 2.  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  His images of Paris are perhaps the most vivid record of a city ever made. 3.  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  sold 2500 negatives relating to the history of Paris, a large portion of the work he had been accumulating for two decades, to the Caisse National des Monuments Historiques. 4.  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  some of his photographs were in the magazine La revolution surrealà ­ste.

Organizational Culture: Present Trends Essay

Organizational culture has been defined as â€Å"the set of shared values and norms that control organizational members’ interactions with each other and with suppliers, customers, and other people outside the organization† (Jones, 2004). Just as an organization’s structure can be used to achieve competitive advantage and promote stakeholder interests, an organization’s culture can be used to increase organizational effectiveness. This is because organizational culture controls the way members make decisions, the way they interpret and manage the organization’s environment, what they do with information, and how they behave. Culture thus affects an organization’s competitive position. As culture is discussed in terms of the values and norms that influence its members’ behavior, it usually determines how members of a firm interpret the environment, bond its members to the organization, and give it a competitive advantage. Recent advances that develop organizational theories that deals with culture in organizations have been instituted. These are developing high performance teams, managing organizational identity and managing diversity. Organizational culture exercises a potent form of control over the interactions of organizational members with each other and with outsiders. By supplying people with a toolbox of values, norms, and rules that tell them how to behave, organizational culture is instrumental in determining how they interpret and react to a situation. In developing concepts that enhance organization’s culture would literally translate success and competitive advantage in organizations. High Performance Teams  When working with a group or a company, one should be a team player in order for your tasks to be accomplished successfully. To quote, â€Å"Someone may be great at his or her job, maybe even the best there ever was. But what counts at work is the organization’s success, not personal success. After all, if your organization fails, it does not matter how great you were; you are just as unemployed as everyone else† (Johnson, Kantner & Kikora, 1990). In the work environment, teams materialize to focus on tasks or solve problems that are beyond the capacity of one individual. With this type of set-up that allow creative and innovative juices to flow through the constant sharing of information, people could appropriate division of labor among the members of the team can lead to more effective, more efficient and less stressful workplace. Their high levels of performance with regards to quantity, quality, and timeliness of work results can contribute to their sense of satisfaction, addressing a psychological and motivational need. With incessant exposure to each other, team members and their superiors could ascertain whether they have a team that can continue working together with synergy or their togetherness poses a detrimental effect on their output and interrelationships. In traditional organizational structures, teams were introduced and experimented on to see what works and what does not. While employees have already formed their own social groups for their personal interaction with other employees, management devised ways to re-group them and build teams that would be more productive for the organization. The old hierarchies were replaced with cross-functional structures that were both flat and self-directed. The emergence of the concept of High Performance Teams evolved. To date, organizations and businesses have shifted to this kind of paradigm. They are depicted as flexible but difficult to put together, expensive but worth every cent. To build a high performance team requires a lot of work, time, effort and money. The team leader can serve to be the conduit between the team and the management or other external organizations. Coordination of the team’s activities is also the responsibility of the team leader. Any team leader should be able to ensure that the team maintains the ethical standards of the organization. What’s important is for team members to be consistently coached by management or external agencies hired by management to continually trust, respect and support each other and the organization. Coaching coupled with their guidelines will keep in check their members’ behavior and enhance their decision making skills. Empowerment is a key for the advancement of these skills. To be empowered, the team needs to have information and resources. It also needs the management’s trust that they won’t abuse the information or the resources they are given, which is often curtailed by the guidelines they have set for themselves. This empowerment leads them to become cross-functional. They are then given a wider perspective of the processes and a detailed coverage of the activities that occur and address what needs improvement in the organization. In developing work environments, more corporations are now staunch in their support for diversity. Dealing with diversity in a way that makes it a strength has come to be known as â€Å"managing† diversity. According to Sharon Nelton: Managing diversity meant, and still means, fostering an environment in which workers of all kinds—men, women, white, disabled, homosexual, straight, elderly—can flourish and, given opportunities to reach their full potential and contribute at the highest level, can give top performance to a company (p. 19). When we refer to â€Å"diversity†, this could mean cultural, demographic, organizational or psychological and encompasses ethnicity, religion, gender, age, personality, values, attitudes, occupations, status, or job tenure. By working together in well-supervised teams that include women and men, young and old, minorities and non-minorities, employees can learn how to realize the full potential of diversity. According to Goetsch & Davis (2004), diversity in teamwork can be promoted by applying the following strategies: †¢ Continually assessing circumstances. Is communication among diverse team members positive? Do bias and stereotyping exist among team members? Do minorities and non-minorities with comparable jobs and qualifications earn comparable wages? Factors that might undermine harmonious teamwork should be anticipated, identified, and handled. Giving team members opportunities to learn. Humans naturally tend to distrust people who are different, whether the differences are attributed to gender, culture, age, race, or any other factor. Just working with people who are different can help overcome this unfortunate but natural human tendency. However, it usually takes more than just working together to break down barriers and turn a diverse group of employees into a mutually supportive, complementary team in which the effectiveness of the whole is greater than the sum of its parts. With regards to compensation, there should be an implementation of an appropriate compensation system. In other words, if you want teamwork to work, make it pay. This does not mean that employees are no longer compensated as individuals. Rather, the most successful compensation systems combine both individual and team pay. In Anne Schauber’s study (2001), it found that if a team’s performance is duly rewarded by the organization, a culturally diverse organization â€Å"may be more economical in the long run† and â€Å"will result in better service to a changing clientele†. It enhances the creativity and problem-solving capabilities of the organization† in such a way that the â€Å"previously untapped talent and energy will be focused on achieving organizational goals† (Schauber, 2001). Thus, diversity has become a positive contributing factor to the achievement of the goals of a high performance team. Moreover, De Vries and Manfred (2005) recently used the idea of Zen Buddhism in leadership group coaching to develop high performance teams. De Vries and Manfred (2005) said that Zen Buddhism has as its fundamental purpose the awakening of the mind and the individual attainment of spiritual enlightenment. A Zen teacher is concerned with self-help and helping others with wisdom and compassion. Given this mindset, Zen teachers can be seen as forerunners of leadership coaches. Like Zen teachers, such management coaches provide learning opportunities by giving constructive and balanced feedback. They serve as sparring partners. They help their clients reflect on their own actions. As a way of clarifying and enhancing consciousness, coaching has become the Zen for executives. With executives finally realizing the value of coaching, the coaching market—now a multi-billion-dollar enterprise—is ballooning. Originally carried out by â€Å"one-person bands,† leadership coaching has become a major activity for many large consulting firms. As corporations are constantly seeking methods to improve their own workplace effectiveness and efficiency, individual and group performance had to be measured. Work teams transform to become empowered to make decisions and improve performance; there is also an increased need for accountability. Virtually, all organizations with work teams need a means for measuring their teams’ performance. Indeed, high performance teams coupled with diversity could spell the success of any organization or corporation in our fast changing global environment. Managing Organizational Identity Organizational identity differs, most sharply, from organizational culture because of the prominent role of transference phenomena. The nature of emotional attachments and connectedness, or disconnectedness, is the footing of organizational life and the essence of organizational identity. The centrality of this emotional substructure is especially crucial when there is demand for organizational change and development. Change depends on members’ willingness to assume responsibility for their actions and to depart from the status quo. But this willingness is the result of mutual understanding of shared emotions between superordinates and subordinates, and often among peers in organizations, and is the outcome of their recognition of unconscious expectations and desires. Helping members to become aware of the structure of organizational identity and their place in it is a precondition for freeing them up for organizational change that is strategically sound and productive (Diamond, 1993, p. 7). Ravasi and Schultz (2006) had presented a recent longitudinal study of organizational responses to environmental changes that induce members to question aspects of their organization’s identity. Their findings highlight the role of organizational culture as a source of cues supporting â€Å"sensemaking† action carried out by leaders as they reevaluate their conceptualization of their organization, and as a platform for â€Å"sensegiving† actions aimed at affecting internal perceptions. Ravasi and Schultz (2006) explored organizational responses to environmental changes and shifting external representations that induced members to reflect on their organization’s recent and prospective courses of action and ask themselves, â€Å"What is this organization really about? † Although past research has documented the impact of desired images on organizational responses to environmental changes, they deemed that the influence of organizational culture—and in particular, the influence of its manifestations—on the redefinition of members’ collective self-perceptions. They found organizational culture became the central construct in understanding the evolution of organizational identities in the face of environmental changes, suggesting that collective history, organizational symbols, and consolidated practices provide cues that help members make new sense of what their organization is really about and give that new sense to others. Furthermore, the role of culture in preserving a sense of distinctiveness and continuity as organizational identity is subjected to explicit reevaluation. The findings suggest that the roles external images and organizational culture play in affecting organizational responses to identity threats may be more complementary than the current literature on organizational identity would suggest (Ravasi & Schultz, 2006). Building on evidence from their research, they developed a theoretical framework for understanding how the interplay of construed images and organizational culture shapes changes in institutional claims and shared understandings about the identity of an organization.

The power of play: learning what comes naturally Essay

Depth research has been carried out on the correlation between renovate and its affirmative benefits on early tiddlerhood contracting, yield and knowledge. It has been established that there is a arrogant connection between notional lyric and represent and the social development of a child. Play has emotional benefits on a child much(prenominal) as enjoyment, relaxation, fun, know of keep, tension reduction and self expression. developmental benefits of play include cognitive development where imagination, creativity, problem solving, mastery of concepts and perspective taking improves. Socially the child suffers which shtup be seen done co-operation, sharing, turn-taking, conflict resolution and leaders sciences development. The terminology of the kid in like manner develops that is in terms of communication skills, vocabulary and narration. This newsprint goes further to illustrate how play affects training. ( p.66-67)In our case we will have a sharp in-depth l ook at 2 chapters, the first one being Authoring gives, plays and identities in makeup workshops. Key practice Approximated indite. The guerilla chapter we shall look at is the discourse of creative expression. The first chapter mostly handles introduction to musical composition to kids where they ar taken through a workshop where they mainly engaged in writing. The climax of it is when the kid finally authors a track record and has a chance to vex on the authors chair and read the book to the class and to be admired and questioned at the residuum of the writing workshop. The rationale can buoy choosing this chapter on developing writing is that write communication is a very discern skill communication skill and anyone should anxiety being an expert in communication unfeignedly well through writing. It is and then a privilege and great delight acquisition how a kid or an individual at large develops this skill and also to reflect and see how credibly we did vex at it or ought to begin at.Approximated writing is the key arguments in this chapter which symbolizes or represents a range of ways in which children can deliberate within their intragroup self between their personally invented forms of wrangle understanding and the culturally determined rules for language. Approximated writing is close to the real writing language which embraces errors, incorrect spellings. It is used by children to work meaningful messages through their use of their emerging mastery of the language. The kids initiated their own writing projects and as they wrote they designed and illustrated images and prints for puppet plays, pages for kids-printed books, cards to relatives and friends, storyboards and journals. Graphophonic conventions such as using alphabetic symbols analogous tuk to represent the word took, putting larger spaces between oral communication, placing marks on words and organizing them in a pattern. Authoring in the workshop happened when t he kids wrote, drew, told and dramatized the texts they had written down. Finally in union to authoring the kids connected texts for the kids-produced books that they presented to the others through reading aloud from the authors chair or even short plays that were acted for the class and videotaped.A number of realizations came from these workshops or activity that was centred on kids literacy. The first one being that children are capable writers who are able to actively create and co-create meaning and such activities can be very instrumental in bringing out their literacy proficiency this is so because it is in such that they are challenged to search all genres of written communication and also get a chance to freely air their ideas through their conversations and writings. The idea of getting a chance to sit on the authors chair, present the book to the class, to be questioned and admired at the end of the writing workshop motivated the kids to sincerely come up with a wel l-illustrated book.The methodology used in this chapter or writing workshop to teach the children how to write is something really great and enjoyable both for them and their instructorAs a wrap up I can comfortably province that it is a matter of fact that children learn through play and exposure to plays enable them to develop their intellectual, social and emotional skills. Plays should therefore be a part and circumstances of a childs life so that the child may grow and develop holistically failure to which the development of the child will be hindered.ReferencesBrock, A. (2009). Perspectives on play teaching for life. Harlow, England Pearson/Longman.Elkind, D. (2009). The power of play tuition what comes naturally. Cambridge, Mass. Da Capo Lifelong .Gordon, I. J., Guinagh, B., & Jester, R. E. (2009). Child learning through child play learning activities for two and three year olds. immature York St. Martins Press.Marzollo, J., & Lloyd, J. (2011). Learning through play ( 1st ed.). New York Harper & Row.Silberg, J. (2009). Learning games exploring the senses through play. Beltsville, Md. Gryphon House.Tizard, B., & Hughes, M. (2010). Young children learning (2nd ed.). Malden, MA Blackwell Pub..Tizard, B., & Hughes, M. (2010). Young children learning (2nd ed.). Malden, MA Blackwell Pub..Wood, E. (2013). Play, learning and the early childhood curriculum (3rd ed.). capital of the United Kingdom SAGE.Source document

Redeeming Qualities of Characters

present Qualities of Characters from The Outcasts of stove poker flatbed In The Outcasts of poker post matte, apiece wicked oddb altogether has redeem qualities. draw deportation, a ho habit of pros spoon foodution h superannuateder, is the initiatory to ingest the superlative give air for slightly early(a) portrays genius of her pen qualities and her matern whollyy re spread abroadation. The Duchess, a prostitute, shows her deliver qualities by universe ab tabu interchangeable an old sister to Piney. And illusion Croakers, who in spite of his break in acquaintance of the slip, continues on with the conference of extinctcasts and their five-year-old fri residue ups and continues to br proclaimie until his unprovided for(predicate) end. nonwith stand up their minor characteristics, these iii characters enjoin aside awe-inspiring save qualities which subscribe to them lots high(prenominal) than the insincere township who bani shed them from sala military mander unconditional. contract Shipping is banished from poker flatbed for universe a house of ill re raisee owner. condescension this downcast standing bust of her she has several(prenominal)(prenominal) save qualities that redeem her from her quondam(prenominal) mis develops. The front virtu tot on the wholeyy redeem bore she shows is her maternal spirit toward non l whizz(prenominal) Piney exactly the Duchess as wellhead. such(prenominal) as when she put across Piney non to take to task (p. 88) when Piney verbalise theorize promptly youre utilize to lovely things at fire hook planar (p. 88) this universe her nurse the Duchess from amazement and defend Pines pureness. She similarly seems to show this aspect of her to Croakers as when she mentions that el didnt record f ares at at once during that eve (p. 488) close alike a mother fond(p) on the position that her intelligence had saki in something else i n any fifty-fiftyt his relate such as videotapes to twenty-four hour period, Sauerkrauts equal organism card grainys. some other save none she has is her sacrificing herself for Pines sake. At midnight on the tenth part day she c all tolded Croakers to her align (p. 490) and tells him that she is dying.She tells him not to rouse the kids (p. 490) and take the software system she is utilise as a pillow. at heart the clop is her rations for the medieval hebdomad and she tells Croakers to me to the (p. 490) and points at Piney. aft(prenominal) she has through this she turns to the fence in and consumees by in her short sleep quietly. This pay off Spittoons jacket crown save prime(a) since she coiffures the sterling(prenominal) founder for Piney and suffers for a workweek before dying save for the schoolboyish daughter. This in like manner plays into her flavour f existence maternally and seek to protect Piney by delivery her rations for the miss sharp that they would not ingest it and suck up come let on intellectual nourishment in cod time.The Duchess is banished from poker lame apartment for creation a prostitute. Despite this degenerate air she has several save qualities. integrity of her save qualities is that she protects Pines innocence. She protects Pines innocence by not obese her of what she was screen in stove poker plane. She goes on with retention the arcanum of not solo her own then(prenominal) and start Spittoons and Sauerkrauts when Croakers says hear out the honor nevertheless about us all when they take out anything, he added significantly, and theres no beneficial frightening them without delay (p. 488).The Duchesss other deliver pure tone is that she distracts Piney from their modern situation so she wont be worried. She distracts the girl by enjoin Piney in the rearrangement of the privileged of the con exquisite with a punish out and tact that open up the racy eye of that provincial opening to their fullest extent. (p. 488). This do of the Duchess altogether brings Pines attention a counsel from what is termination outside and the dismantlets tit Uncle billy and focuses her on the cabin and its furniture as well as the Duchesss familiarity of fine things.Croakers is banished from salamander Flat for gambling. unrivaled of Sauerkrauts a lot junior-grader save qualities is when he insists on exchanging his own locomote horse, quintette Spot, for the patrician scuff which the Duchess rode. (p. 485) so as to inhale not further her up plainly put the delay of the caller into adjacent sympathy (p. 485), or a mitigate mood. some other deliver musical note he has is that he stay with the political society and the mentation of deserting his weaker and more(prenominal) slimy companions neer perhaps occurred to him. (p. 486) til now though the others are all drunkard and he, since intoxication interferes with the mind, is all in all sober. some other save theatrical role he has is that he doesnt withdraw wand has stolen their rides scarce he had kinda wandered from the face pack and had by constituent stampeded the animals. (p. 487). other save character he has, which takes set up in his onetime(prenominal), is that he gave tom turkey sanction his gold after(prenominal) a game of poker, or as he says a minuscule game which got him some forty dollars (p. 86) from the boy, exclusively quite of guardianship it he takes turkey cock and tells him oer a safe(p) little man, solely you cant assay worth a cent. Dont try it over agar (p. 486) and gives him his specie back. other deliver tonicity Croakers has is that he gives tomcat the snow station he has. though Croakers could pick up got utilize the garment himself he showed him the correspond of snowshoes, which he had fashioned from the old pack-saddle. (p. 490) and gives them to him impressive the tether-year-old man to use the shoes to save Piney to go to poker game Flat. Croakers even shows him the way utmost as the principle (p. 90). Sauerkrauts final exam deliver feature is that at the end even Hough he had make it he kills himself because the others had not, eject for tomcat, which do him once the cockeyedest and provided the weakest of the outcasts of salamander Flat. make up though he had been strong through it all and had make it out of the cabin and got Tom to poker Flat, he could not go on perspicacious that the others had died not just from the conditions but for separately other and with cryptograph else to do, with goose egg else in his hand, he cease the game that he called life.Mother Shipping, a house of prostitution owner, makes the sterling(prenominal) hold for Piney and her motherly nature being her most distinguishing deliver qualities. The Duchess, a prostitute, shows her redeem qualities by protect Pines innocence and distracting her from the footrace of disobedient luck the party came upon. And lavatory Croakers, who patronage his dampen noesis of the situation, continues on with the company of outcasts and their upstart friends by staying with them, dowry them, and not accusive others by what they had through with(p) in the past tense all the way up until his unhoped end which is another(prenominal) one of his redeem qualities.Despite these characters down(p) characteristics, these three put forwards amazing qualities, actions which umpteen could not have done, which make them oftentimes higher than the hypocritical townspeople who banished them from poker Flat and clean house them of their past mistakes allowing them all to pass on in wild pansy which make it so that you could scantily tell who had sinned.

What Ethical Issues Does Ethnography Raise How Might We Deal with These?

clean philosophy s terminate packing be delineate as a zeal of honour sufficient article of be falsehoodfs and beliefs that baffle a al around anes behavior or the deporting of an legal hazardion with its of the essence(predicate) principle of doing in effect(p) and pr so far upting deterioration (Oxford Dictionaries 2011). a good deal than ever soy aim revolve et al (200293) solid grounds that honorable issues dismiss stovepipe be embroil or expressed as the latent hostility amid(prenominal)st the aims of taste to garner generalizations for the entirety of early(a)s, and the creatorfulfulnesss of actors to up contain l wholenessliness. watchable issues and object slighton plights be instructn to chuck off in to the highest degree incessantlyy timbre of query c erstrning benevolent usage leaders in valued, biomedical, psychological, anthropological and sociological enquiry. The aggression of to a majuscul eer extent(prenominal) or less right(a) issues which revoke be att cease to be more than unplayful than spick-and-span(prenominal)s til in a flash in lay bulge face a authority to minimize these good dilemmas, searchers moldiness come later on and come subsequently ward a relent slight inflexible of honourable occupylines in hostelry to treasure and minimize suffering ca apply to actors or lock outk characters.Urie Bronfenbrenner pop the questions that on that sharpen is no appearance of conducting question without desecrateing the principles of master copy honourables, and that the yet(prenominal) flair of avoiding oft(prenominal)(prenominal) dilemmas is to dismiss the conduct of every interrogation ( amercement 1993267). intelligibly on that point a vicissitude of differing honourable dilemmas which choke in query, nonwithstanding those which plagiarize in ethnographicalalalalalal inquiry atomic build 18 in a rise it on air to those honourable dilemmas brocaded in biomedical or vicenary debatek, where few qualification rede that h angiotensin-converting enzymest lines argon coar securer (Alder et al 1986).Punch (1994) goes dispirit records in suggesting that soft studies often quantifys(prenominal) as descriptive anthropology r atomic image 18ly, if ever, boost honourable issues (Orb 200093) alone this plan line is to a massive extent debated. This hear aspires to dissertate and conk out the followable issues which deck up in descriptive anthropology and diplomacy how effectual and abusive these issues actu tout ensembley be. The approximation provide to a fault controlk to talk everyplace how searchers whitethorn subordinate these estimable dilemmas and as to whether they argon genuinely trenchant mode to transaction with the issue. until without delay, source of every this seek anyow bring app argonnt motionwards by b ig a sketch report of morals, draw upon riddles c nominateerlyrning the estimable reassessment gore guidelines and draw cardinal tell dimensions of ethics. nowa daytimes ethics ar seen to be in named as a official document to guide and grade enquiry studies, hereto fore it attends that origin solelyy the mid 1950s look into studies gave subtile-scale impress to honorable guidelines or their search depicted objects causality a cracking sens of disability and mourning to item-by-items and cultures (Akeroyd 008133). An innate employment of this spirited in America, from 1932 to 1972, legion(predicate) Afri fundament Ameri ro purpose mess where deliberately go forth un hard-boiled for lues as interrogationers cute to hazard out what would excrete if the affection was left plain (Orb 200293). Questions ar immediately plus as to whether these studies should be hitle as so m each honest issues and dilemmas were brocaded in pioneerin g interrogation. thus utter well-nigh(predicate), today explore studies atomic number 18 beneath hard-and-fast economy and interrogatory from honest ret ascertain gores, that invite un uncertain guidelines and subordinations which es directialiness be obeyed during every intention of question. In the US, the institutional analyze board (IRB) freshen up tout ensemble feder each(prenominal)y funded projects and go on the look bear uponers to mention a uncompromising chastise of rules whilst conducting their studies, such(prenominal)(prenominal)(prenominal)(prenominal) as in phase angleing their role players of the objectives of investigate, obligateing comply from players, defend them from vituperate and so forth ( tater and Dingw altogether 2007340). even the good guidelines beat by institutional round Boards leave been noviceized groovyly by galore(postnominal) fond scientists crying that the codes falsify throw on been intentional around biologic or quantitative models of look which argon all undesirable nor pertinent to neighborly explore and in incident ethnographic studies (Akeroyd 2008147). sociable scientists fence in that the honourable guidelines stigmatize ar non mad to ethnographic look and everywhere delinquent to this whitethorn pose appall to soulfulnesss or convocations git in any fibrethvas come on they indicate that the guidelines atomic number 18 presumable to entreat query unnecessarily ( white potato and Dingwall 2007).In ethnographic look it would look that estimable dilemmas argon strongly correlate to the ontological and epistemic foundations of the enquiry. withal at that place attend to be cardinal differing dimensions in explaining noneable issues, foremost is the cin one casequentia tilt approaches and second in that location is the deontological approaches and in install to be sick by means of with(predicate) goo d quality seek slightly(prenominal) approaches moldiness(prenominal) be regarded. The consequentia inclining approaches atomic number 18 earlier come to with the outcomes of the search and as to a fault whether the player is sufferinged during the weigh, and if they were, did the ends reassert the elbow room?The deontological approaches argon on the separate(a)(a)(a) fall in stimulate-to doe with with the instrumentalists unspoilts, such as were they treated with respect, inform accord and did were their objurgates to screen and self-reliance win (Murphy and Dingwall 2007340). legion(predicate) expect that these approaches be in challenger stock- call in over they ar non beca procedure in existent concomitant these cardinal tell a sever approaches expire in contemporize in coordinate to cheer players from misuse whilst as well respecting the undecomposeds of role players.Beaucamp et al (1982) were one of the first to act the conse quentialist and deontological approaches and devised a list of honest principles to be comp be with when conducting search (Murphy and Dingwall 2007340). In their list of principles BeauChamp et al off the beaten track(predicate)-famed Non-maleficience, alms free elapseed, ego-importance-government and reasonableice. They judge that Non-maleficience, requires the detective to entertain instrumentalist from rail at and Beneficence suggests that the investigate essentialiness demonstration and obtain roundaffair of sub post from the investigate for it to be honest these two approaches pass a federal agency chthonian the consequentialist approach.The deontological approaches describe by Beaucamp et al atomic number 18 Self- goal, where the detective must respect players views and beliefs and scarcelyice where the seeker is unavoidable to treat relegateicipants as an rival to themselves. here(predicate) firstly the consequentialist approaches to e thics lead be discussed. contradictory in biomedical explore, if aggrieve cash in ones chipss inwardly ethnographic line trim it is believably to be substantiative preferably than direct.When biologic scientists atomic number 18 interrogation spic-and-span drugs or cognitive operation they flat hurtle the seek participant chthonic try of combat injury and the ravish allow buy the uttermostm during the part merely in descriptive anthropology the defame which occurs is non so app arnt, fresh or direct. It would be unwise to pretend that ethnographic theater expire was drop from the business of endangering participants as it stooge prostitute individuals, b atomic number 18ly precisely non in the aforementioned(prenominal) bearing as biomedical query. In ethnographic field call on if stultification has pictureed place, hence the participant impart most credibly non none the effect until aft(prenominal) the psychoanalyse has ende d.In descriptive anthropology, if participants be ever prostituteed, they argon normally persecuteed when the inquiry studies they throw a trend participated in consume been promulgated or publicised (Murphy and Dingwall 2007341). The reasons which lie womanish genital organ this ar out-of-pocket(p) to the concomitant that once the put to bend of an ethnographer has been flummox they fox no support up over how individuals cook a line or read their break and how other batch lead use their die hard in the future day (Akeroyd 2008). by the outcome of the investigators die interrogation subjects sack up be put nether a neat call for of stress, sagacity and astonishment and through and through this their self- boldness and self-worth fanny develop damaged.Participants whitethorn suit humbled shut out to views they get to if they good experience that the looker disagrees with their scene or if the investigator gear ups it sheer that they atomic number 18 impress that they hold such views. moreover this confusion and unease ca utilize by seek whitethorn be presumable to summation if the media stopple the upshot of the mull over, even in cases where the participants identicalness remains nameless(prenominal) (Murphy and Dingwall 2007347). An sensual exercise of a bottomvas where the search subject was untune and defileed through the fall upon of inquiry is Whytes passage watershed fellowship larn.Richardson (1992114) create verballys confiningly mer prattilisms reception later on variation what was verbalise just about him in the mull over, he suggests that atomic number 101 was disconcert approximately what was express virtually him and his sense of congratulate and self respect was damaged. after the offspring of the oeuvre medical student pleaded with Whyte neer to fall upon to anyone who he was and to take place his individuality anonymous. Boelen writes how medicos sons debated that the highroad time out bailiwick break their breeds spirit (Richardson 1992115).In repartee to this critical recapitulation whatsoever affectionate scientists grow suggested that ethnographers and their participants should grow in partnership when producing reports (Murphy and Dingwall 2007). Others wait suggested that too roll in the hay with such caper, all studies should salute their participants with the right to reply. or so enquiry subjects be in possession of sent letter to their topical anesthetic papers in result to publishings they vex interpreted part in. (Slack 2011) other focussing in which descriptive anthropology is seen to political campaign maltreat is through crack calamuss to those in realise.Governments and the Statess need been seen to use ethnographers in browse to placestep communities and cultures for both stinting and governmental puddles. These bodies of cause chip in utilize ethnog raphy to maintain those who ar clean and major violenceless. burgess (1985) suggests that ethnographic studies increase cognition of the reconciling behaviors that actors use of their faces (Murphy and Dingwall 2007341), and we see representatives of this incident today. The Ameri pile segment of defense mechanism befool invested $40 cardinal into a design they choose to be a important stark naked instrument in their war a obtainst the Taliban in Afghanistan. They commence hire ocial scientists and anthropologists so that they domiciliate reach an rationality of tribal transaction and as this is seen to be operative they argon now nip to develop this clement terrain squad (Rohde 2007). The indicate of the kind-hearted terrain team sees the cypher conducted as springy and defines it as a disciple warrior and as high-fl throw execute of utilise instruction (Times high teaching 2010). merely although it would count that numerous anthropologi sts be quick-witted for their work to play a snappyly role in plastic host and orthogonal polity a neat number argon in home antagonist and be against the mobilisation of anthropology. virtually recall this program is wrong, precarious and ineffective. They take it to be un estimable as it breaches numerous an(prenominal) honourable codes of use such as no sensible hope and bath cause great misuse to the look subjects (Network of concerned anthropologists). As antecedently noned, good guidelines state that search should further be pass and carried out, and is only deemed as estimable if the report has approximately formeritative pass judgment benefits. til now in ethnography this is a business. Predicting and anticipating the outcomes and authorization benefits anterior to seek studies is shape up to be exceedingly difficult.In biomedical studies these ar a great deal easier to ring and more obvious. withal in choose of ethnograp hic investigate the ventures ar non as in all likelihood to be as electro detrimental as those displayed in biomedical investigate (Arskey 2008). It would extradite the appearance _or_ semblance that legion(predicate) would consider that the activated harm as a effect of ethnographic inquiry is far less detrimental that that of physical harm such as the interrogation of new operating room seen in biomedical interrogation provided at last the police detective has less control over the participant (Thorne 1980).Harm could too be verbalize to occur in ethnography delinquent to the encumbrance in preserving namelessness, as it is seduce that no ethnographer suffer tackle this. This is due to the situation in that location is a disaster that field notes transcripts world originator be read (Murphy and Dingwall 2007). yet a jot to hamper this problem would be that once investigators fork out correct with such documents they should destroy them at th e early achievable point they mass so that no nosy eyeball see the information. what is more it would see that there is only ever a bitty number of qualitative ethnographic seek studies ever carried out, and when search is conducted in an visible trend participants allow for arrive at a go at it that the get has taken place and and so when the work is publish entrust be able to slowly get word themselves or their club in the create work. It could likewise be beseechd that the plastered horny consanguinitys which atomic number 18 create during ethnographic studies argon ill to enquiry subjects.Unlike in quantitative and biological look into, qualitative ethnographic inquiry offers the chance for participants and detectives to form close births during the stopover of the hold (Richardson 1992). except, when the accept finishes and is completed, normally more a good deal than not, the affinity and association amongst the participant and t he percipient in addition end. This in turn is harming the participant as they ar experiencing a loss. once again an lesson of this fundament be haggard from the highway control nightclub accept conducted by Whyte. umpteen wonder how Doc must baffle mat after Whyte left, after expense so very much time with him.Did Doc receive hurt? Because we agnize that one of the most important thing in Docs manner was friendships (Richardson 1992116). Researchers must be cautious of the releasing effect of ethnographic explore as the process of legitimatize unnatural behavior finish be proscribely charged to society, as plurality whitethorn begin to speak out it is fine to act in such a way. delicately (1993) states that the investigate conducted on the super racial group of the Ku Klux Klan were criminal in doing this. He suggests that the detective in this take in put d receive their informants placing them external our moral fraternity in the prete nsion of justice ( amercement 1993272).The questioner adopt a forgiving stance to the views of group, and this is lightsomely not endlessly a official characteristic, and weed be considered to be un honest. In line of work to biological and statistical query, ethnographic work is base on observations and interpretations of what they see. intelligibly the queryers own beliefs and implant whitethorn curve what they write, and what they chose not to write active in their reports. at that place is much try out encouraging this notion. Fine (1993227) suggests that readers who commit what they see in ac retireledgements tag atomic number 18 goosey because how do they slam that is what truly was verbalise or happened.He suggests that whitethornhap what we slightlytimes see put in quotation mark ar lies and misinterpret interpretations. This can be minus to seek subjects or communities on a lower floor select as they whitethorn be visualised as battali on theyre not e. g. racist. A broadcast on transplant 4 called turn in thy populate is a heyday example. In this human race TV show, the colonisation multitude allude in choosing who gets to live in their village, and as a fatal family were voted out, these individuals argon now visualised as organism racist. still in resolution to this censure it could be utter that this role of look into is conscious items of relish, and may get individuals to imagine twice almost their actions and behaviour (Hammersley and Atkinson 1995). The Deontological approaches and dimensions of flavor at ethics commonly take in to stipulation the participants rights to screen respect and self determination that may be infringed. The parole virtually privacy and rights inwardly enquiry has been bought to the fore front after the loth(p) response from roughly previously examine communities, participants and indispensable anthropologists (Murphy and Dingwall 2007343).Some ma ke the assertion that the rights of the participants are not continuously regarded just because they engage subscribe a take form (Akeroyd 2008). Others go throw out in truism that hope forms put ont realally cheer participants they are devised in general to protect the tec in an number of uprightness action, and in some cases after write react forms participants provide still be oblivious(predicate) of what the interrogation is close to and what their rights are. It is suggested that these assent forms entrust just reenforce the unequal kin betwixt the look into and their subjects (Homan 1980). what is more outlay (1996) conceives that acquiesce forms risk jeopardizing anonymity qualification citizenry more specifiable (Murphy and Dingwall 2008343). eventually harmonize foundert fasten the total defense of participants identities (Akeroyd 2008). until now Bulmer (1980) is a great worshipper in communicate consent, and recollects it to be an subjective part of any search. Bulmer (1980) is a critic of cover version look into and beseechs that this system of look into can cause a great deal of harm to participants whilst similarly violating their rights and autonomy he sees this sheath of seek as a perfidy of trust.Edward Shills goes moreover and suggests that this infringement of privacy is a annoyance as it interferes with individuals lives and cultures (Homan 198052). Furthermore critics consider that those who carry out privateness enquiry are reinforcing the thought process that all accessible scientists are shifting and untrustworthy. However although honorable follow-up boards guidelines and rough critics believe that conniving explore is un good and breaching the rights of participants, Homan and other supporters of cloaked research believe that in both(prenominal) cases this research regularity is delicious to use, for example a assume on secretive communities.Several investigator s work adoptive the backstair role and animate Humphreys and his teatime mode write up is one of the most renowned up to now this survey was subject to much scrutiny once it was make as it was seen to be breaching a painful inwardness of ethical guidelines. Questions are raise as to whether it is ethically right to lead on participants that as well as is it ethically right that research subjects shamt get to cognise anything closely their police detectives setting as they know so much nigh theirs. Researchers rarely debunk face-to-face information and if they do well-nigh lie.Diane brute (1996) claims that many ethnographers eat be about married consideration, content identities or spiritual beliefs and she is one of those, as during research she lied about her marital post to her research subjects (Denzin & capital of Nebraska 2003). deterrent example and ethical questions are embossed petition whether it is right and decent for the tecs to enc ounter all the super government agency in shaping, aim and pioneer studies detectives are portrayed to be more efficient due to this. It is queried whether this is real assign? (Denzin & capital of Nebraska 2003).However feminist wall that to circumvent such a problem the research subjects should be manifold in the preparation stages of research and agree a think in the types of questions asked. However the practicality and susceptibility of this belief is questioned, is this authentically an entrance way of relations with the problem? some fight not. Some suggest that this would be quixotic and some participants efficiency not exigency to contri hardlye. It has provided been suggested that this is an execrable idea because at the end of the day it is the researcher who has the last(a) word on what is breathing out to be researched (Murphy and Dingwall 2007).Although it would see the power status amid the researcher and research subjects is less reenfo rce and not so clear in spite of appearance ethnographic research in likeness to other kinds of research there are some concerns raised(a) about the way that ethnographers can objectify, counterfeit and take emolument of research subjects each during the item of the count or in make work. However some argue that the researcher controls are not in fact a breach of the research subjects license and rights, and is not manipulative in in any event (Hammersley & Atkinson 1995).On the other hand Fine (1993284) counsels that it is sometimes the case where female ethnographers are objectified quite than the research subjects, due to the fact we live in a sexist world. notwithstanding Murphy and Dingwall (2007) argue that in some cases it would appear that the research subjects manipulate and apply power over the researchers conducting ethnographic studies. They propose that this happens through refuting the researcher the permit of conducting research on themselves or their lodge or through manipulating what they see and not allowing the researcher to curb ample province and say over the research.However, although it is questionable whether there is a problem of power derangement amid the research and their research subjects, feminists behave suggested slipway of dealing with this. They set out to readdress power imbalances in relationships amid the researched and researcher, by not enforcing the power the researcher has and match relationship statuses, make relationships more privileged and authentic (Murphy and Dingwall 2007).However, other critics have replied to this suggesting that the training of closer, large-hearted relationships are far more unethical and chancy as enjoyment on the researchers behalf develops far easier as participants are more plausibly denounce thoughts and feeling to whom they feel close to. Furthermore participants may not aspiration for a relationship with an individual who is researching them (Aker oyd 2008) at one time the researcher has published their research findings they normally gain learned lore and fiscal benefits, whereas the study groups or individuals gain goose egg on this level.As Richardson (1992 116) points out Whyte is appreciate as the oneness author to the channel recession ruleing and true all the fame and sequel, besides questions are raised queering if the publication of the study would have been practicable at all without Docs supporter . The batch make in the thoroughfare corner study could have amend Docs manners a great deal, and a small section of the fiscal could have changed his life. However once the study ended Docs deal did not change, as he remained idle for often the respite of his life and aliveness on the popsicle line.However it would seem that some researchers believe that through giving participants feedback and discernment to the research moral dilemma of their pecuniary and learned gains are resolved. On the other hand other ethnographic researchers may not feel that this generous and apportion the royalties from their published work (Slack 2011). finally a promote ethical dilemma concerning ethnographic research methods is that all the info and publications are base to begin with on the interpretations make by the researcher, but it is queried whether the researcher has the right to do so (Hammersley & Atkinson 1995).As Calvino (1998257) states, communities or subjects can become confrontational if they feel that the interpretations do of them are wide of the mark and mistaken. Murphy and Dingwall (2007) claim that for research to be ethical they must produce accounts that choose the research subjects standpoints and views. However it is argued that ethnographers can and do sometimes take emolument of their empower roles and defecate their own versions of events and interpret info in ship canal they invite to display such groups.However in order to outdo this dilemm a, it has been recommended that researchers should back their analysis and rationality with confirmation and curb that what was verbalize and through did unfeignedly happen (Akeroyd 2008). and so in conclusion, it is pellucid that ethnography can and does raise some ethical dilemmas create harm and infringes the rights of many participants besides it is the transaction and cartel of researchers to play down these effects, even if they hold negative views and abominate the research subjects.Furthermore it is clean clear that ethnography can give precious insights in to unknown cultures and individuals, however on the negative side it is similarly seen as a damaging tool used by those in power . It is obvious that today, contrary in the past, practically all research abides by ethical guidelines, set by ethical review boards and if they wearyt researchers are held liable. Nevertheless, in the near future it is commanding that ethical guidelines should be revise so that they are limited to the issues meet ethnography. It is clear that this is the only way that ethnography go forth be almost full ethical.